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Resistor color code

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A resistor is the most important electrical component in almost every electronic circuit, it can limit current to any load such as led, transistor, op-amp, etc.  We must read the resistor color code if we want to know the resistive value, tolerance, temperature coefficient. Resistors have different color bands (3,4,5,6) the more color bands the more resistor information. Now let's start with 3 bands resistor color code. The above resistor has only 3 bands First digit, Second digit, and multiply. A 3 bands resistor color code has a fixed +/- 20% tolerance which means if the color code value is 1,000 ohms the real-life resistive value may be +/- 200 ohms.  4 band resistor color code A 4 bands resistor color code has a tolerance value color strip, the resistor on the above picture has 5% tolerance. This type of resistor uses in a regular circuit such as television, radio, washing machine. 5 bands resistor color code A 5 bands resistor colo...
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simple bass booster circuit diagram

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This bass boost diagram is easy to build and work well, I made it because people asked me the schematic diagram of bass boost diagram on my youtube channel. The circuit has 9 dB gain@40 Hz that mean you will get good bass performance even you play music to a small speaker. Why this circuit doesn't look like circuits on the internet? Almost every circuit on the internet uses R/C filter between pre-amp and power amp stage to bypass high frequency to a ground and that seems audio signal being amplified and bypass to ground. I think it wastes pre-amplifier gain, the more gain preamp stage the more distortion to the audio signal, so I use a capacitor to send more negative feedback to pre-amp negative input when the frequency higher than cut-off frequency, capacitor impedance(resistance) higher when frequency lower and that make negative feedback decrease when frequency lower. An op-amp distortion lowers when negative feedback higher, that mean high-frequency disto...
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How to add power supply filter capacitor to amplifier board.

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I saw a new comment on my video, he asked me how to add a filter capacitor to amplifier board D.C. power supply. I think it's a good question so I will explain it here. What is a power supply filter capacitor? It is the capacitor that used to filter AC ripple from DC power supply present to amplifier board. If an amplifier has low capacitive power supply capacitor, it may present a little hum(50/60 Hz low-frequency sound) that you can hear in a quiet room. The capacitor also stores power and bring it instantly to your amplifier when an amplifier needs more power for a short period of time such as  explosion sound in a movie. However, If an amplifier has high-frequency power supply noise from a switching power supply, small capacitor need to parallel to a power supply and must be attached close to power amplifier IC as much as possible. Below pictures are the place that you add power supply capacitor. PAM 8610 board amplifier powe...
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Hall effect sensor wiring diagram and test video

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Hall effect sensor switch is a switch that turns on when enough magnetic field near the IC. You can use hall effect sensor to make many Diy projects such as rpm meter, magnet detector, and more project involves with a magnet. Did you know? Hall effect sensor uses in many electric machines, example; when you open washing machine door and the machine stop spinning, or when you open microwave door then it pauses and send beeping sound until you close the door. Hall effect sensor IC in this post is A3144(old component but work well and low cost) Send output low (0 volts) when strong magnetic field near a sensor, that why somebody asked on the internet why his project involves hall effect sensor didn't work. Hall effect sensor wiring diagram. You can see an above image that a load(LED in this picture) connect to positive electrode and output instead output and ground. That's the reason why some projects don't work and will never work because the output low when magn...
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Infrared proximity sensor circuit diagram

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An infrared proximity sensor is a sensor that detects any object when it close to the sensor. The circuit is an important part of an automatic faucet, robot, and touchless switch. An above image is an infrared proximity sensor circuit diagram. The circuit is simple and easy to make, it has 2 transistors, 4 resistors, an IR LED, an IR phototransistor, and a purple or white or green LED (use as an indicator so you can remove it if you want) Electronic components list This circuit's maximum detection range is 10 centimeters, you can decrease the detector range by changing R2 resistor. Use 7805 regulator IC if you want to use the circuit with 12 volts power supply. The infrared proximity sensor consumes around 50 milliamps per hour when standby and consumes around 80 milliamps(add a relay that consumes 30 milliamps) so you need an external power supply because battery life will not last long. The reason that makes this circuit consume much energy because IR LED n...
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How to connect volume control to an amplifier

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I saw a comment on my Youtube video, he asked me how to connect any amplifier module to a volume control or potentiometer. I think so many people who want to start an electronic project must know this basic wiring too, I hope this wiring diagram will help an electronic DIYer like me. First thing you need to know: use shield wire for an input signal to volume control and from volume control to amplifier if you don't want you amplifier suffers from parasitic oscillation (sound like JeeeeJeeeee). keep a wiring as short as possible. use low resistive value volume control (5-10 kilo-ohms) if the amplifier has random parasitic noise when you turn a volume control up or down. volume control is a potentiometer. Volume control principle is a signal divider, the more volume control output(yellow line) near input signal source(pink line) the most signal flow to an amplifier. When you lower a volume control the resistive va...
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Humidity sensor with led alarm | Arduino project

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This page contains Arduino Humidity sensor with led alarm source code. This project is good for someone who wants to make a humidity meter or hygrometer with led alarm if humidity and temperature over a threshold. It's easy to make and doesn't require an external power supply, just use power from an Arduino UNO R3 board (USB power compatible with this project). Electronic components list: 1 x Arduino Uno R3 1x 20 x4 I2C LCD display 1 x AM 2320 humidity/temp sensor 1 x 5 mm led ( 2 x if you plan to use led for pin 13 instead built-in led) 1 x 1000 ohms resistor ( 2 x if you plan to use led for pin 13 instead built-in led) Any USB power adapter, 500 mA current at least. Here is the Arduino code: AM 2320 library  https://github.com/hibikiledo/AM2320 LCD display i2c library  https://github.com/fdebrabander/Arduino-LiquidCrystal-I2C-library #include <Wire.h> #include <AM2320.h> #include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h> LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x3...
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how to repair water damage particle board

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This video shows you how to repair water-damaged particle boards. A particle board is light and cheap so furniture manufacturers use it widely, but it swells quickly if it exposes to water or moisture and it will be worse if you don't repair it fast. This video shows step by step guide and I hope you like it.
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10 watts 8 ohms class d amplifier pam8610 sound test

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Pam8610 IC is 10 watts @ 8 ohms (15 watts @ 4 ohms small heat sink require) stereo class d amplifier with very high efficiency over 90% and the amplifier works well without any heat sink at full power!!! . The amplifier board is very low cost ( around 1 $) but deliver 10 watts @ 8 ohms power from 13 volts power supply. As you can see in my video that the amp board require only one 100 uf electrolytic capacitor for supply decoupling to eliminate hum from switching power supply(some ic amplifier require 1000 uf to eliminate hum from the power supply). Sound testing: The amplifier sound good with good bass respond  good bass impact and well control (kick bass very good). High frequency clean, impact well and flat but lack transparent. Singer vocal is clean but not transparent. The sound stage is wide but space between instrument not precise. pam 8610 amp board is the quiet amp with very less hiss noise (5 cm away from tweeter to my ear :) which is not a big problem at all and ...
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